Computer architecture refers to the conceptual design and operational structure of a computer system, including the instruction set, memory addressing, and how the central processing unit processes and accesses memory. The size of a computer's word, which is the basic unit of data, affects its processing speed, memory capacity, precision of numbers, and size of instructions. Key internal computer components are connected via the motherboard, and include the CPU, RAM, firmware, power supply, and removable media devices like CD/DVD drives.
General Information About Information Technologiestechgajanan
ย
The document provides definitions for various information technology terms from A-D, including:
- ADSL, AGP, ATA, attachments, AVI, bandwidth, binary, BIOS, bitmap, blog, Bluetooth, browser, cache, CMOS, codec, cookie, CPU, cursor, data, database, defragmentation, desktop, DDR, DIMM, directory, disk drive, DLL, and DMA. It provides brief explanations of each term.
Basics IT Recruiting | Technical Recruiting | US Staffing | Training |Tips |T...Syed Aiyaz
ย
First information based series on Information technology covering topics like IT, Computer Usage, Data Storage, Types of computers, computer hardware, computer software, computer firmware, enterprise storage & more.
The document provides information about various computer components. It discusses the CPU as the brain of the computer that issues commands. It also describes different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and flash drives. Expansion cards are discussed as used to expand computer capabilities, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. Storage devices include internal hard drives and external drives like external hard drives and flash drives. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are used to input information. Output devices like printers, monitors, and speakers are used to output information from the computer.
The document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer, including input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit (CPU), storage devices like hard disks and optical drives, and output devices like computer monitors. It discusses the main components that make up the motherboard and describes different types of CPUs from manufacturers like Intel and AMD. Key specifications that determine a CPU's performance like clock frequency and cache memory are outlined.
The document discusses the main hardware components of a personal computer. It describes the typical parts including the monitor, motherboard, CPU, RAM, expansion cards, power supply, optical disc drive, hard disk drive, keyboard, and mouse. It then explains some of these components in more detail, such as the case, power supply, motherboard and its connections, expansion cards, storage devices, input/output peripherals, and computer software including system software, programming software, and application software.
Chapter 4 The Components Of The System Unitnorzaini
ย
This chapter describes the components inside the system unit of a personal computer. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its main components - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The CPU uses a machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store steps to process instructions. Processor speed is measured in megahertz and gigahertz. Common components inside the system unit include the motherboard, memory modules, expansion cards, and ports. The chapter also covers data representation using binary numbers and bytes.
C language computer introduction to the computer hardwareNIKHIL KRISHNA
ย
This document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, organization and concepts. It defines a computer as a device that performs computations and logical decisions by processing data under instruction sets. Key components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software like operating systems and applications. Fundamental concepts discussed include Moore's Law, which predicts an exponential increase in component density, Von Neumann architecture, and how memory is organized into addressable cells.
General Information About Information Technologiestechgajanan
ย
The document provides definitions for various information technology terms from A-D, including:
- ADSL, AGP, ATA, attachments, AVI, bandwidth, binary, BIOS, bitmap, blog, Bluetooth, browser, cache, CMOS, codec, cookie, CPU, cursor, data, database, defragmentation, desktop, DDR, DIMM, directory, disk drive, DLL, and DMA. It provides brief explanations of each term.
Basics IT Recruiting | Technical Recruiting | US Staffing | Training |Tips |T...Syed Aiyaz
ย
First information based series on Information technology covering topics like IT, Computer Usage, Data Storage, Types of computers, computer hardware, computer software, computer firmware, enterprise storage & more.
The document provides information about various computer components. It discusses the CPU as the brain of the computer that issues commands. It also describes different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and flash drives. Expansion cards are discussed as used to expand computer capabilities, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. Storage devices include internal hard drives and external drives like external hard drives and flash drives. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are used to input information. Output devices like printers, monitors, and speakers are used to output information from the computer.
The document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer, including input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit (CPU), storage devices like hard disks and optical drives, and output devices like computer monitors. It discusses the main components that make up the motherboard and describes different types of CPUs from manufacturers like Intel and AMD. Key specifications that determine a CPU's performance like clock frequency and cache memory are outlined.
The document discusses the main hardware components of a personal computer. It describes the typical parts including the monitor, motherboard, CPU, RAM, expansion cards, power supply, optical disc drive, hard disk drive, keyboard, and mouse. It then explains some of these components in more detail, such as the case, power supply, motherboard and its connections, expansion cards, storage devices, input/output peripherals, and computer software including system software, programming software, and application software.
Chapter 4 The Components Of The System Unitnorzaini
ย
This chapter describes the components inside the system unit of a personal computer. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its main components - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The CPU uses a machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store steps to process instructions. Processor speed is measured in megahertz and gigahertz. Common components inside the system unit include the motherboard, memory modules, expansion cards, and ports. The chapter also covers data representation using binary numbers and bytes.
C language computer introduction to the computer hardwareNIKHIL KRISHNA
ย
This document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, organization and concepts. It defines a computer as a device that performs computations and logical decisions by processing data under instruction sets. Key components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software like operating systems and applications. Fundamental concepts discussed include Moore's Law, which predicts an exponential increase in component density, Von Neumann architecture, and how memory is organized into addressable cells.
Technology Term Definition By Muneeb-AhmadMuneeb Ahmad
ย
The document provides definitions and descriptions of various computer components. It discusses the CPU, cables, Celeron and Pentium processors, fans, malware, USB, floppy disks, power supplies, AMD, sound cards, video cards, motherboards, RAM, ROM, EPROM, clients, email addresses, cache, CD-ROMs, DVD-RWs, modems, MP3 files, and viruses.
The document summarizes the key internal and external components of a computer system. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that holds the CPU and connects all other components. The CPU processes instructions using RAM for temporary storage and ROM for permanent storage of startup instructions. Other components described are hard drives for long-term storage, expansion cards for additional functions, power supply for electricity, and input/output ports and drives for connecting to other devices and media.
This document categorizes and provides examples of different types of computer software. It discusses spreadsheet software like Excel that allows data manipulation and graphing, word processing software like Word, drawing software like Illustrator and Photoshop, animation and 3D modeling software like Maya and 3D Studio Max, presentation software like PowerPoint, web editor software like Dreamweaver and FrontPage, photo editing software like Photoshop, video editing software, desktop publishing software, and geographic information systems (GIS) software like ArcGIS.
Fundamentals of computer system and Programming EC-105NUST Stuff
ย
This document provides an overview of the EC-102 Computer System and Programming course. It includes information about the course title, code, semester, required textbooks and references. The document also outlines the course contents which cover topics like computer organization, programming, data types, operators, selection statements, repetition structures, functions, arrays, pointers and more. Finally, it lists the course learning outcomes and some policies like no assignment deadline extensions and penalties for plagiarism.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer terminology, components, and how computers work. It describes the internal components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, disks, power supply, and expansion cards. It also discusses the differences between hardware and software, with hardware being the physical parts like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, and software being the programs and files. The document provides instructions on starting up and shutting down a computer as well as using basic input devices like the mouse and keyboard.
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Computer Systems course being taught. It outlines the course content which includes memory organization, CPU organization and operation, and assembly programming. It provides contact information for the instructor and details on exams, textbooks, and the course website. It then discusses the characteristics of different types of computer memory including registers, main memory, disk memory, and different technologies for RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of computers. It discusses the evolution of computer hardware from early mechanical devices like the abacus and Babbage's Difference Engine to modern integrated circuits and microprocessors. It describes the key components of modern computer systems including the CPU, memory, storage, buses, and input/output devices. It also explains the functioning of the CPU and memory in more detail.
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, and Internet hard drives. It explains how each type of storage medium stores and retrieves data using different technologies like magnetic patterns on floppy disks and laser reading of pits and lands on compact discs. The document also covers storage concepts like tracks, sectors, partitions, and RAID configurations for hard disks.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. It also discusses data storage devices, computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, peripherals, resolution, networks, bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and more. The document is intended as an introductory guide to fundamental computer components, technologies, and concepts.
This chapter discusses the components that make up a computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the processor, memory chips, and adapter cards. The processor, consisting of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), interprets and carries out instructions through a machine cycle. Memory temporarily stores data and instructions in chips such as RAM and ROM. Various ports, buses, expansion slots allow components to interface and transfer data around the system unit. The amount of RAM needed depends on the intended applications but generally more is better for performance.
Storage devices in computer systems can be classified into three categories: primary storage (RAM), secondary storage (hard disk drives), and tertiary storage (tape drives). RAM is used for short-term storage and access by the CPU, while hard disks provide permanent secondary storage. Tertiary storage devices like tape drives are used for offline backup and archiving. The document then discusses the evolution of storage technologies over time, from early memory technologies like Williams tubes and drum memory, to floppy disks, hard disks, flash memory, and modern cloud storage solutions. It also explains key concepts like how data is represented digitally and stored on physical storage media.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. Data storage devices covered include hard drives, CD-ROMs, floppy disks, and flash drives. Computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, and peripherals are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on file management and networking concepts.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It defines software and programs, and describes different types of software including system software like operating systems and utility programs, and application software like word processors, spreadsheets, and games. It then discusses various computer hardware components including the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, RAM, BIOS, CMOS RAM, cache memory, expansion buses, chipsets, CPU clock, switches, jumpers, and jumper caps.
CS 3112 - First Assignment -Mark Bryan F. Ramirez/BSCS-3EMark Bryan Ramirez
ย
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
Technology Term Definition By Muneeb-AhmadMuneeb Ahmad
ย
The document provides definitions and descriptions of various computer components. It discusses the CPU, cables, Celeron and Pentium processors, fans, malware, USB, floppy disks, power supplies, AMD, sound cards, video cards, motherboards, RAM, ROM, EPROM, clients, email addresses, cache, CD-ROMs, DVD-RWs, modems, MP3 files, and viruses.
The document summarizes the key internal and external components of a computer system. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that holds the CPU and connects all other components. The CPU processes instructions using RAM for temporary storage and ROM for permanent storage of startup instructions. Other components described are hard drives for long-term storage, expansion cards for additional functions, power supply for electricity, and input/output ports and drives for connecting to other devices and media.
This document categorizes and provides examples of different types of computer software. It discusses spreadsheet software like Excel that allows data manipulation and graphing, word processing software like Word, drawing software like Illustrator and Photoshop, animation and 3D modeling software like Maya and 3D Studio Max, presentation software like PowerPoint, web editor software like Dreamweaver and FrontPage, photo editing software like Photoshop, video editing software, desktop publishing software, and geographic information systems (GIS) software like ArcGIS.
Fundamentals of computer system and Programming EC-105NUST Stuff
ย
This document provides an overview of the EC-102 Computer System and Programming course. It includes information about the course title, code, semester, required textbooks and references. The document also outlines the course contents which cover topics like computer organization, programming, data types, operators, selection statements, repetition structures, functions, arrays, pointers and more. Finally, it lists the course learning outcomes and some policies like no assignment deadline extensions and penalties for plagiarism.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer terminology, components, and how computers work. It describes the internal components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, disks, power supply, and expansion cards. It also discusses the differences between hardware and software, with hardware being the physical parts like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, and software being the programs and files. The document provides instructions on starting up and shutting down a computer as well as using basic input devices like the mouse and keyboard.
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Computer Systems course being taught. It outlines the course content which includes memory organization, CPU organization and operation, and assembly programming. It provides contact information for the instructor and details on exams, textbooks, and the course website. It then discusses the characteristics of different types of computer memory including registers, main memory, disk memory, and different technologies for RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of computers. It discusses the evolution of computer hardware from early mechanical devices like the abacus and Babbage's Difference Engine to modern integrated circuits and microprocessors. It describes the key components of modern computer systems including the CPU, memory, storage, buses, and input/output devices. It also explains the functioning of the CPU and memory in more detail.
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, and Internet hard drives. It explains how each type of storage medium stores and retrieves data using different technologies like magnetic patterns on floppy disks and laser reading of pits and lands on compact discs. The document also covers storage concepts like tracks, sectors, partitions, and RAID configurations for hard disks.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. It also discusses data storage devices, computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, peripherals, resolution, networks, bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and more. The document is intended as an introductory guide to fundamental computer components, technologies, and concepts.
This chapter discusses the components that make up a computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the processor, memory chips, and adapter cards. The processor, consisting of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), interprets and carries out instructions through a machine cycle. Memory temporarily stores data and instructions in chips such as RAM and ROM. Various ports, buses, expansion slots allow components to interface and transfer data around the system unit. The amount of RAM needed depends on the intended applications but generally more is better for performance.
Storage devices in computer systems can be classified into three categories: primary storage (RAM), secondary storage (hard disk drives), and tertiary storage (tape drives). RAM is used for short-term storage and access by the CPU, while hard disks provide permanent secondary storage. Tertiary storage devices like tape drives are used for offline backup and archiving. The document then discusses the evolution of storage technologies over time, from early memory technologies like Williams tubes and drum memory, to floppy disks, hard disks, flash memory, and modern cloud storage solutions. It also explains key concepts like how data is represented digitally and stored on physical storage media.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. Data storage devices covered include hard drives, CD-ROMs, floppy disks, and flash drives. Computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, and peripherals are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on file management and networking concepts.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It defines software and programs, and describes different types of software including system software like operating systems and utility programs, and application software like word processors, spreadsheets, and games. It then discusses various computer hardware components including the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, RAM, BIOS, CMOS RAM, cache memory, expansion buses, chipsets, CPU clock, switches, jumpers, and jumper caps.
CS 3112 - First Assignment -Mark Bryan F. Ramirez/BSCS-3EMark Bryan Ramirez
ย
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including:
1) It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data, and be programmed with instructions. Computers consist of both hardware and software.
2) Hardware refers to physical components like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Software includes operating systems and applications that make the computer functional.
3) Common computer components are described, including processors, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and networking capabilities.
4) Examples of how computers are used in various contexts like education, business, home, and daily life are outlined.
5) Health and safety precautions for proper
This chapter teaches the components that make up a personal comput.docxrhetttrevannion
ย
This chapter teaches the components that make up a personal computer. A personal computer comprises many components, most notably the CPU, motherboard, RAM, hard disk, removable media, and input/output devices.
Identify the functions of the hardware in a computer system:
ยท Motherboard is an important computer component because it's what everything else connects to! The motherboard is a decently sized circuit board that lets other components communicate.
ยท Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is referred to as a computer's brain and is the machine's workhorse. It performs the calculations needed by a system and can vary in speed.
ยท Random-access Memory (RAM)
is temporary memory.
ยท Graphics Card- The major work of the graphics card is to create graphics and images that can be shown on a monitor. If your computer does not have a graphics card, you will not see the data, and the computer would be useless.
ยท Hard Drive- Hard drive would be another component of a computer. A hard drive is used to store programs and files on your computer.
ยท Network Card- A network card would be a separate card or integrated into the motherboard. The major work of a network card is to enable your computer to connect to the network and Internet.
ยท Monitor- It is an important component of the computer. Even though the computer is great, without a monitor, it also would be useless.
ยท USB Ports- USB port is also one of the most important computer components. The USB port enables you to connect some computer accessories, such as a mouse, keyboard, external hard drive, etc. So, it would be an essential part of the computer.
Computer hardwareย (usually calledย
hardwareย when a computing context is concerned) is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, etc., which are tangible, physical objects. In contrast, the software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Software is any machine-readable instruction that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
Von Neumann Architecture Scheme
ย The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms.[3] The term's meaning has evolved to mean a stored-program computer where an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot co.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its two main parts: the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. It also describes the role of the motherboard and different types of computer memory including random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Additional hardware components like expansion slots, ports, and storage devices are explained. The document concludes with a discussion of operating systems, applications software, and proper computer care and maintenance.
The document provides an overview of the basic parts of a personal computer (PC) including:
1. The case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory (RAM and ROM), hard disk, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive, graphics card, sound card, modem, mouse, and keyboard.
2. It describes each component's function and provides examples. It also includes a functional block diagram showing how the components interconnect and communicate within a PC system.
The document provides an overview of computer basics, including:
- A computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data, and can be programmed with instructions. It consists of both hardware and software.
- Hardware refers to physical components like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, etc. Software includes operating systems and applications that make the computer functional.
- Common computer components include input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage devices like hard drives and disk drives, memory, microprocessors, and various ports.
- Computers can be connected together in networks at the local and wide area levels for sharing resources and information.
This is a power point presentation on hp workstation.
I hope you will enjoy this and it will help you to clear about you'r thinking on not only workstation but also the other IT product and the competitive market with Dell and Lenovo.
The document provides an overview of the main components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, and input/output ports. It describes the CPU, its components like the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It discusses different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and video memory. Storage devices covered include hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and network drives. Input/output ports allow connection of devices via USB, serial, parallel, network, and FireWire ports. Factors affecting computer performance such as CPU speed, RAM size, and number of applications running are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including:
- A computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data through both hardware and software. Hardware includes physical components like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Software includes the instructions that make the computer work.
- Common computer types are mini/mainframe computers for large organizations and personal computers for individual or networked use. Hardware components include input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage devices like hard drives and disk drives, memory, microprocessors, and other parts.
- Software includes operating systems that allow users to interface with hardware, and applications like word processors, spreadsheets, and databases
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including:
- What a computer is and its main components of hardware and software
- The different types of computers like personal computers, mini computers, and mainframe computers
- The main hardware components like processors, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices
- The different software components like operating systems and applications
- How computers are used in various settings like homes, offices, education, and daily life
- Some health and safety precautions when working with computers
- The importance of backing up data to prevent losing information if a storage device fails
The document discusses computer hardware and components of a typical personal computer. It describes that a personal computer consists of a computer case or chassis that houses the internal components including the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, ports, and expansion slots. The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, firmware, buses, and connectors for other components.
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable summarizing it in 3 sentences or less while still providing an accurate high-level overview. The document covers several complex technical topics related to computer architecture at a level of detail that would be difficult to adequately summarize concisely.
A machine cycle consists of four steps - fetch, decode, execute, and store - that are continuously performed by a CPU at a rate of millions per second. The fetch step involves retrieving an instruction from memory, the decode step breaks down the instruction, and the execute step carries out the requested task. Word size refers to the number of bits that a computer can handle as a single unit, which is an important characteristic that influences many aspects of computer architecture and performance. Common modern word sizes are 16, 32, and 64 bits.
A machine cycle consists of four steps - fetch, decode, execute, and store. It is the basic operation performed continuously by the CPU at millions of cycles per second. The fetch step retrieves the next instruction from memory. The decode step breaks down the instruction into its components. The execute step performs the requested task. The store step saves output but does no processing.
The document discusses the major components of a computer motherboard. It begins by explaining that the motherboard acts as the central connection point for major computer components. It then describes some of the key components attached to the motherboard like the CPU, RAM, BIOS, chipsets, expansion slots, and others. It provides details on the function of each component and how they work together to power the computer.
Introduction to Computer Hardware slides pptOsama Yousaf
ย
The document provides information about computer hardware components including the system unit, motherboard, processor, memory, and storage devices. It discusses the system unit as containing the main electronic components including the motherboard, processor, memory, and disk systems. The motherboard is described as the main circuit board where hardware components connect and contains the BIOS. Types of memory including RAM and ROM are outlined. Finally, magnetic and optical storage devices such as hard disks, CDs, and DVDs are introduced.
The document discusses hardware, software, and information technology concepts related to computers. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and software as the instructions that make the computer work. It then describes the main parts of a personal computer including the central processing unit (CPU), hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and common input devices. The document also discusses operating systems, applications software, local and wide area networks, the internet, and common uses of computers at home, work, and education.
The document outlines the main internal components of a personal computer and provides a brief description of each component's function:
The motherboard holds crucial parts like the CPU and RAM and allows them to communicate. The CPU controls basic operations and runs programs. RAM is volatile memory that programs use temporarily. The hard drive is permanent storage. Interface cards include sound, video, and network cards. Cooling fans dissipate heat and the power supply provides power to components.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
ย
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH 8 Cแบข NฤM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (Cร FI...
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Ghel os
1. 1. How are a computer's internal components physically linked? Illustrate the concept by describing a complete machine cycle.2. On most computers, all internal components are designed around a common wordsize. Why? Explain how a computer wordsize affects its processing speed, memory, capacity, precision, and instruction set size.3. What is meant by computer's architecture?4. Discuss the ff: terms: Motherboard, slot, bus, network, signal, local area network, wide area network, network server, workstation, host5. Briefly describe the different network topologiesYou may use images, links, documents or videos to present your discussion. Be more creative in the way you present your answers.Deadline for posting your assignments: JULY 13, 2010<br /> 1.Internal components are the devices that are inside the main computer tower. These devices include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Motherboard and the modem.<br />Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from thecomputer softwarethat executes or runs on the hardware. The hardware of a computer isinfrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term quot;
softquot;
refers to readily created, modified, or erased. Theseare unlike the physical components within the computer which are quot;
hardquot;
. <br />Inside Computer<br />Motherboard<br />The motherboard is the quot;
bodyquot;
or mainframe of the computer, through which all other componentsinterface. It is thecentral circuit board making up a complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the systemcommunicate. The mother board includes many components such as: centralprocessing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), firmware, and internal and external buses.<br />Motherboard<br />Central Processing Unit<br />The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just called processor) is amachine that can executecomputer programs It is sometimes referred to as the quot;
brainquot;
of the computer.<br />CPU Diagram<br />There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. The firststep, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In thedecode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance toother portions of theCpu. During the execute step various portions of the CPU such as the arithmeticlogic unit (ALU) and thefloating point unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply quot;
writes backquot;
the results of the execute step to some form of memory.<br />Random Access Memory<br />Random access memory (RAM) is fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is power-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (why it is called random). There are many different types of RAM. Distinctions between these different types include: writable vs. read-only, static vs. dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.<br />RAM<br />Firmware<br />Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory (ROM) run from the BasicInput-Output System (BIOS). It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are special-purpose computers intheir own right, running their own software. Some of these devices store that software (quot;
firmwarequot;
) in a ROM within the device itself<br />Power Supply<br />The power supply as its name might suggest is the device that supplies power to all the components in the computer. Its case holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan. The power supply converts about 100-120 volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby mode.<br />Removable Media Devices<br />If your putting something in your computer and taking it out is most likely a form of removable media. There are many different removable media devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc drives such as Blu-ray which can hold a much larger amount of information then normal CDs or DVDs. One type of removable media which is becoming less popular is floppy disk.<br />CD<br />CDs are the most common type of removable media. They are inexpensive but also have short life-span. There are a few different kinds of CDs. CD-ROM which stands for Compact Disc read-only memory are popularly used to distribute computer software although any type of data can be stored on them. CD-R is another variation which can only be written to once but can be read many times. CD-RW (rewritable) can be written to more than once as well as read more than once. Some other types of CDs which are not as popular include Super Audio CD (SACD), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact Discs (SVCD), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD.<br />CD-ROM DriveThere are two types of devices in a computer that use CDs: CD-ROM drive anda CD writer. The CD-ROM drive used for reading a CD. The CD writer drive canread and write a CD. CD writers are much more popular are new computers than aCD-ROM drive. Both kinds of CD drives are called optical disc drives becausethe use a laser light or electromagnetic waves toread or write data to or froma CD.<br />2. Word Size the number of bits in a computer word. In computing, word is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular computer design. A word is simply a fixed sized group of bits that are handled together by the system. The number of bits in a word (the word size or word length) is an important characteristic of computer architecture.<br />The size of a word is reflected in many aspects of a computer's structure and operation; the majority of the registers in the computer are usually word sized and the amount of data transferred between the processing part computer and the memory system, in a single operation, is most often a word. The largest possible address size, used to designate a location in memory, is typically a hardware word (in other words, the full sized natural word of the processor, as opposed to any other definition used on the platform).<br />Modern computers usually have a word size of 16, 32 or 64 bits but many other sizes have been used, including 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 39, 40, 48 and 60 bits. The slab is an example of a system with an earlier word size. Several of the earliest computers used the decimal base rather than binary, typically having a word size of 10 or 12 decimal digits and some early computers had no fixed word length at all.<br />The size of a word is sometimes defined to be a particular value for compatibility with earlier computers. The most common microprocessors used in personal computers (for instance, the Intel Pentiums and AMD Athlons) are an example of this; their IA-32 architecture is an extension of the original Intel 8086 design which had a word size of 16 bits. The IA-32 processors still support 8086 (x86) programs, so the meaning of word in the IA-32 context was kept the same, and is still said to be 16 bits despite the fact that they at times (especially when the default operand size is 32 bits) operate largely like a machine with a 32 bit word size, similarly in the newer x86-64 architecture a word is still 16 bits, although 64-bit (quadruple word) operands may be more common.<br />3.COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE<br />In computer science and computer engineering, computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.<br />It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.<br />Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: HYPERLINK quot;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecturequot;
quot;
cite_note-0quot;
[1]<br />Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data formats.<br />Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA.[2] The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA.<br />System Design which includes all of the other hardware components within a computing system such as:<br />System interconnects such as computer buses and switches<br />Memory controllers and hierarchies<br />CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA)<br />Issues like multiprocessing.<br />Once both ISA and microarchitecture have been specified, the actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called implementation. Implementation is usually not considered architectural definition, but rather hardware design engineering.<br />Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fully distinct) pieces:<br />Logic Implementation โ design of blocks defined in the microarchitecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate levels.<br />Circuit Implementation โ transistor-level design of basic elements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of some larger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at this level, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performance reasons.<br />Physical Implementation โ physical circuits are drawn out, the different circuit components are placed in a chip floorplan or on a board and the wires connecting them are routed.<br />For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design.<br />4. A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.[1] It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.<br />*A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small groups of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.<br />*A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.<br />*Slot, a space for a container on a ship, usually expressed as a 20' or 40' slot (ie 20 or 40 feeT.<br />*The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses. A luxury, long distance bus is called a coach. A bus is usually powered by a combustion engine, although early buses were horse drawn and there were experiments with steam propulsion. Trolleybuses use overhead power lines. In parallel with the car industry bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same design appearing around the world.<br />*A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network. Historically, workstations had offered higher performance than personal computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity and multitasking capability. They are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulation (e.g. computational fluid dynamics), animation and rendering of images, and mathematical plots. Consoles consist of a high resolution display, a keyboard and a mouse at a minimum, but also offer multiple displays, graphics tablets, 3D mice (devices for manipulating and navigating 3D objects and scenes), etc. Workstations are the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories and collaboration tools.<br />*A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries[. This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.<br />WAN design options<br />WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the quot;
grandfatherquot;
of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame RelaX<br />*A network server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. Examples include Web servers, proxy servers, and FTP servers. Not only should you be familiar with using servers on the Internet, an increasing number of people hvae learned to set up network servers for business and personal uses.<br />*In the fields of communications, signal processing, and in electrical engineering more generally, a signal is any time-varying or spatial-varying quantity. In the physical world, any quantity measurable through time or over space can be taken as a signal. Within a complex society, any set of human information or machine data can also be taken as a signal. Such information or machine data (for example, the dots on a screen, the ink making up text on a paper page, or the words now flowing into the reader's mind) must all be part of systems existing in the physical world โ either living or non-living. Despite the complexity of such systems, their outputs and inputs can often be represented as simple quantities measurable through time or across space. In the latter half of the 20th century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines, specializing in the design and analysis of physical signals and systems, on the one hand, and in the functional behavior and conceptual structure of the complex human and machine systems, on the other. These engineering disciplines have led the way in the design, study, and implementation of systems that take advantage of signals as simple measurable quantities in order to facilitate the transmission, storage, and manipulation of information.<br />5. Network topology is defined as the interconnection of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.[1][2] Network Topologies can be physical or logical. Physical Topology means the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation. Logical topology refers to the fact that how data actually transfers in a network as opposed to its physical design.<br />Topology can be considered as a virtual shape or structure of a network. This shape actually does not correspond to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The computers on the home network can be arranged in a circle shape but it does not necessarily mean that it presents a ring topology.<br />Any particular network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the configuration of physical and/or logical connections between nodes. The study of network topology uses graph theory. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.<br />A Local Area Network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN has one or more links to one or more nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes in a graph results in a geometrical shape that may be used to describe the physical topology of the network. Likewise, the mapping of the data flow between the nodes in the network determines the logical topology of the network. The physical and logical topologies may or may not be identical in any particular network.<br />In computing, word is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular computer design. A word is simply a fixed sized group of bits that are handled together by the system. The number of bits in a word (the word size or word length) is an important characteristic of computer architecture.<br />The size of a word is reflected in many aspects of a computer's structure and operation; the majority of the registers in the computer are usually word sized and the amount of data transferred between the processing part computer and the memory system, in a single operation, is most often a word. The largest possible address size, used to designate a location in memory, is typically a hardware word (in other words, the full sized natural word of the processor, as opposed to any other definition used on the platform).<br />Modern computers usually have a word size of 16, 32 or 64 bits but many other sizes have been used, including 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 39, 40, 48 and 60 bits. The slab is an example of a system with an earlier word size. Several of the earliest computers used the decimal base rather than binary, typically having a word size of 10 or 12 decimal digits and some early computers had no fixed word length at all.<br />The size of a word is sometimes defined to be a particular value for compatibility with earlier computers. The most common microprocessors used in personal computers (for instance, the Intel Pentiums and AMD Athlons) are an example of this; their IA-32 architecture is an extension of the original Intel 8086 design which had a word size of 16 bits. The IA-32 processors still support 8086 (x86) programs, so the meaning of word in the IA-32 context was kept the same, and is still said to be 16 bits despite the fact that they at times (especially when the default operand size is 32 bits) operate largely like a machine with a 32 bit word size, similarly in the newer x86-64 architecture a word is still 16 bits, although 64-bit (quadruple word) operands may be more common.<br />